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Crop Science

TaMIR1119, a miRNA family member of wheat (Triticum aestivum), is essential in the regulation of plant drought tolerance

小麦小分子RNA TaMIR1119在介导植株抵御干旱胁迫中发挥重要作用

SHI Gui-qing, FU Jing-ying, RONG Ling-jie, ZHANG Pei-yue, GUO Cheng-jin, XIAO Kai

本研究中，作者对源于小麦的1个miRNA 成员TaMIR1119介导植株适应干旱逆境的功能进行了研究。结果表明，TaMIR1119作用6个靶基因，在功能上上述靶基因分别归属于转录调控、RNA和生化代谢、运输和氧化逆境防御等类别。干旱胁迫条件下，根系中TaMIR1119的转录本丰度发生明显变化，表现为在48 h胁迫期间该miRNA的转录水平不断增高；将经过干旱胁迫后幼苗转入正常生长条件后，该miRNA的表达水平不断下调。多数靶基因对干旱胁迫逆境的应答与TaMIR1119相反模式，表现为根系中转录本丰度随着干旱胁迫进程而不断下降；且其干旱诱导的下调表达水平随着恢复处理进程得到不断恢复。上述结果表明TaMIR1119在转录水平上对干旱逆境产生应答，且在转录后水平上对多数靶基因进行调控。干旱胁迫下，与野生型对照植株相比，超表达TaMIR1119转基因株系的植株表型得到改善，表现为明显增多的植株干质量和增高的光合参数、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性。研究表明，抗氧化酶SOD基因NtFeSOD、CAT基因NtCAT1;3和SOD基因 NtSOD2;1在超表达TaMIR1119转基因系中的表达水平显著上调，表明上述抗氧化基因通过在转基因系上调表达，参与干旱胁迫下转基因株系抗氧化酶活性和细胞活性氧（ROS）内稳态特征的调控。本研究表明，小麦miRNA成员TaMIR1119通过转录后调节靶基因，调控干旱胁迫下植株的渗透物质含量、光合能力和细胞ROS内稳态特征，进而在介导植株抵御干旱胁迫过程中发挥着重要生物学功能。

Cite this article:   

SHI Gui-qing, FU Jing-ying, RONG Ling-jie, ZHANG Pei-yue, GUO Cheng-jin, XIAO Kai. 2018. TaMIR1119, a miRNA family member of wheat (Triticum aestivum), is essential in the regulation of plant drought tolerance. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2369-2378.

Maize ABP2 enhances tolerance to drought and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis

玉米ABP2增强转基因拟南芥对干旱和盐的耐受性

ZONG Na, LI Xing-juan, WANG Lei, WANG Ying, WEN Hong-tao, LI Ling, ZHANG Xia, FAN Yun-liu, ZHAO Jun

本研究中，我们用玉米Cat1基因的脱落酸应答元件ABRE2 (Abscisiic acid responsive element 2)作为诱饵，通过酵母单杂交的方法从玉米授粉后17天的胚cDNA文库鉴定了得到了一个玉米脱落酸应答元件结合蛋白。我们发现它属于bZIP转录因子家族，并将其命名为ABP2 (ABRE binding protein 2)。在玉米中，ABP2基因的表达在不同发育阶段的不同组织中均能检测到，而且受到干旱、盐害、活性氧和脱落酸等处理的诱导。在拟南芥中组成型表达ABP2能够增强转基因材料对干旱和盐害的耐受力及对脱落酸的敏感性。为了探究ABP2增强植物耐逆性的机制，我们发现在ABP2过表达的转基因拟南芥中，植物材料的ROS水平受到抑制而下降，而且一些逆境相关基因和碳代谢相关基因的表达受到诱导上调。总之，我们鉴定发现了一个能够增强植物对干旱和盐渍耐受性的玉米bZIP转录因子基因。

Cite this article:   

ZONG Na, LI Xing-juan, WANG Lei, WANG Ying, WEN Hong-tao, LI Ling, ZHANG Xia, FAN Yun-liu, ZHAO Jun. 2018. Maize ABP2 enhances tolerance to drought and salt stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2379-2393.

Genetic variation in LBL1 contributes to depth of leaf blades lobes between cotton subspecies, Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum

LBL1基因自然变异对海岛棉和陆地棉两个棉花亚种叶片缺刻深度的调控

HE Dao-fang, ZHAO Xiang, LIANG Cheng-zhen, ZHU Tao, Muhammad Ali Abid, CAI Yong-ping, HE Jin-ling, ZHANG Rui

为揭示棉花不同亚种间叶片形状的遗传变异和分子遗传过程，我们利用陆地棉品种P30A（浅裂叶）和海岛棉品种ISR（深裂叶）杂交的F₂代遗传群体定位控制棉花叶缘缺刻深度的调控基因。表型统计分析和基因初定位结果表明叶片缺刻深度受到两个不同的遗传位点QTL LBL1和LBL2控制。本实验鉴定到控制ISR深叶裂基因LBL1（Gorai.002G244000），该基因编码一个含有I类结构域的亮氨酸拉链（HD-ZIP I）转录因子。qRT-PCR分析表明LBL1在棉花不同生长阶段和叶片不同部位的表达存在显著的差异，成熟叶片中表达量较高，中等大小叶片次之，幼叶最低。激素处理发现，LBL1的表达水平对不同激素均有的响应，其中BR（Brassinolides）诱导表达最显著。综上，LBL1基因在叶片形态建成过程中起到重要作用。

Cite this article:   

HE Dao-fang, ZHAO Xiang, LIANG Cheng-zhen, ZHU Tao, Muhammad Ali Abid, CAI Yong-ping, HE Jin-ling, ZHANG Rui. 2018. Genetic variation in LBL1 contributes to depth of leaf blades lobes between cotton subspecies, Gossypium barbadense and Gossypium hirsutum. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2394-2404.

Combined effect of shading time and nitrogen level on grain filling and grain quality in japonica super rice

遮光时间与氮肥水平对粳型超级稻籽粒灌浆与稻米品质的影响

WEI Hai-yan, ZHU Ying, QIU Shi, HAN Chao, HU Lei, XU Dong, ZHOU Nian-bing, XING Zhi-peng, HU Ya-jie, CUI Pei-yuan, DAI Qi-gen, ZHANG Hong-cheng

关于遮光时间和氮肥互作对水稻籽粒灌浆和品质影响尚鲜有研究，为此，本研究以粳型常规超级稻南粳44和宁粳3号为材料，研究遮光时间和氮肥水平对水稻穗型、籽粒灌浆、产量及品质的影响。在低氮（150kg ha^-1 N 150N）水平下，与不遮光处理相比（NS），抽穗前遮光20天处理（BH）的产量下降21.07–26.07%，主要是因为抽穗前遮光缩短了穗长，减少一次和二次枝梗数量的同时每穗粒数和粒重降低。在150N 条件下，由于单穗重的降低，抽穗后遮光20天处理（AH）的产量比不遮光处理低9.46–10.60%。遮光和氮肥水平对水稻一次和二次枝梗数量有显著的互作效应。高氮（300kg ha^-1 N 300N）水平可部分弥补因遮光而引起的二次枝梗数和单穗重的降低从而可在遮光条件下抑制水稻减产。强势粒中，与150N NS处理相比，150N BH处理下籽粒达99%最终粒重的时间缩短了1.6–1.7天，粒重降低了4.18–5.91%。而150 N AH处理下，由于籽粒平均和最大灌浆速率（GRmean and GRmax）的降低，其籽粒粒重要比150N NS处理降低13.39–13.92%。在弱势粒中，籽粒粒重和平均籽粒灌浆速率表现为150N NS>150N BH>150N AH趋势。在遮光条件下，300N 条件下由于强势粒和弱势粒中籽粒平均灌浆速率的降低导致最终的粒重降低。与150N NS 处理相比，150N BH和150N AH 处理下的稻米碾磨、外观和蒸煮食味品质均下降。遮光条件下增施氮肥，可提高稻米碾磨品质、降低垩白粒率，但垩白面积和垩白度增加，蒸煮食味品质下降。因此，在短时间遮光条件下，适当地增施氮肥在抑制水稻减产的同时改善稻米碾磨品质，但为获得优良的蒸煮和食味品质则需控制氮肥的施用。

Cite this article:   

WEI Hai-yan, ZHU Ying, QIU Shi, HAN Chao, HU Lei, XU Dong, ZHOU Nian-bing, XING Zhi-peng, HU Ya-jie, CUI Pei-yuan, DAI Qi-gen, ZHANG Hong-cheng. 2018. Combined effect of shading time and nitrogen level on grain filling and grain quality in japonica super rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2405-2417.

Potato yield gaps across the rainfed Yin-mountain Hilly Area of China

中国阴山丘陵区雨养马铃薯产量差分析

JIA Li-guo, CHEN Yang, QIN Yong-lin, LIANG Rui-fang, CUI Shi-xin, MA Zhong, FAN Ming-shou

阴山丘陵区是中国马铃薯的优势产区，但是由于缺水导致的雨养生产模式，加之落后的栽培管理技术，致使马铃薯产量受到严重限制。本研究以微垄覆膜侧播（MS）和平作覆膜(PM)两种优化管理模式下的产量作为可获得产量（Ya），以此为标准进行产量差分析。MS和PM模式下的产量分别标记为Ya1和Ya2，在同一试验区根据农户的种植密度和施肥量进行露地平作，获得的产量称为模拟农户产量（Yf1）。在雨养条件下，Yf1分别占Ya1和Ya2的比例为57.3%和69.6%，而298个随机调研的雨养农户产量(Yf2) 占Ya1和Ya2的比例为37.0% 和47.8%。水分利用效率差呈现出相似的变化趋势。进一步的分析表明，不适宜的保水措施、集雨措施和其它农田管理措施对产量差（Ya1和Yf2）的贡献率分别为18.5%, 18.2% 和42.6%。其中，不适宜的养分管理措施是造成农户产量差的重要原因，包括氮肥过量施用以及磷钾肥施用不足等。本项研究结果表明，在阴山丘陵区通过优化水肥管理措施可以提高雨养马铃薯产量。

Cite this article:   

JIA Li-guo, CHEN Yang, QIN Yong-lin, LIANG Rui-fang, CUI Shi-xin, MA Zhong, FAN Ming-shou. 2018. Potato yield gaps across the rainfed Yin-mountain Hilly Area of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2418-2425.

Evaluation of photosynthesis, physiological, and biochemical responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Pirouz) under water deficit stress and use of vermicompost fertilizer

Saeed Reza Hosseinzadeh, Hamzeh Amiri, Ahmad Ismaili

The study was aimed to investigate the effect of N application on leaf morphology, ascorbic acid content, phenolic acids, flavonoids, mineral content, and nitrate residues in three lettuce varieties (two green leafy lettuce, Multigreen 1 and Multigreen 3; one red leafy lettuce, Multired 4) grown in a closed hydroponic system (gravel-film) at harvest. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) at six different concentrations of 0, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mg L^–1. The results obtained during 2015 and 2016 seasons were similar and demonstrated variety dependent responses with respect to different N application rates. Multigreen 3 was more sensitive to N supply and showed higher amount of nitrate residue at harvest. Variety Multired 4 was less sensitive to N supply followed by Multigreen 1. Although N supply at 120 mg L^–1 improved the yield and the number of leaves in Multigreen 3, overall 90 mg L^–1 can be recommended for these lettuce varieties to improve the yield and the accumulation of ascorbic acid content, phenolic acids mainly caffeic, caftaric acids, quercetin (the important flavonoid in lettuce), and Fe and Mn contents. Furthermore, the concentration of 90 mg L^–1 improved the antioxidant property (FRAP and ABTS+) and reduced the nitrate accumulation, ensuring safe food for consumers. 

Cite this article:   

Saeed Reza Hosseinzadeh, Hamzeh Amiri, Ahmad Ismaili. 2018. Evaluation of photosynthesis, physiological, and biochemical responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Pirouz) under water deficit stress and use of vermicompost fertilizer. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2426-2437.

Horticulture

Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen availability on fruit quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

CO₂施肥和氮供应浓度对水培黄瓜果实品质的交互影响

DONG Jin-long, LI Xun, Nazim Gruda, DUAN Zeng-qiang

CO₂施肥和高氮供应可以协同提高蔬菜产量，但这两个因素对产量的交互影响却知之甚少。本研究探讨了在开顶式生长箱中3个CO₂施肥浓度[400 μmol mol^-1（对照），625 μmol mol^-1（中等）和1200 μmol mol^-1（高）]和3个硝态氮供应浓度[2 mmol L^-1（低N）, 7 mmol L^-1（中N）和14 mmol L^-1（高N）]对水培黄瓜果实品质的影响。在中等供氮水平时，与对照相比，高CO₂施肥提高果糖和葡萄糖含量，不影响可滴定酸含量，因此提高糖酸比；但在高氮供应时，高CO₂施肥对这三个指标均没有影响。中等和高CO₂施肥均对果实中淀粉含量没有影响；但分别降低粗纤维含量达13%和18%，降低硝酸根离子含量达31%和84%，降低粗蛋白含量达19%和20%，且都与氮素供应没有交互作用。除酪氨酸降低50%外，高CO₂施肥对组成蛋白质各氨基酸含量的降低程度相似，在10–18%范围内。在低氮供应时，高CO₂施肥增加果实中P, K, Ca和Mg含量，同时降低Fe和Zn含量；但在高氮时，高CO₂施肥对果实中P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu和Zn含量均没有影响。总之，高CO₂施肥配合中氮供应总体能够最大限度提高黄瓜果实品质。果实膨大，含碳物质相互转化和氮代谢都有可能共同干扰CO₂施肥对果实品质的影响。

Cite this article:   

DONG Jin-long, LI Xun, Nazim Gruda, DUAN Zeng-qiang. 2018. Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and nitrogen availability on fruit quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2438-2446.

Variety-specific responses of lettuce grown in a gravel-film technique closed hydroponic system to N supply on yield, morphology, phytochemicals, mineral content and safety

Bevly M. Mampholo, Martin M. Maboko, Puffy Soundy, Dharini Sivakumar

The study was aimed to investigate the effect of N application on leaf morphology, ascorbic acid content, phenolic acids, flavonoids, mineral content, and nitrate residues in three lettuce varieties (two green leafy lettuce, Multigreen 1 and Multigreen 3; one red leafy lettuce, Multired 4) grown in a closed hydroponic system (gravel-film) at harvest.  Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) at six different concentrations of 0, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mg L^–1. The results obtained during 2015 and 2016 seasons were similar and demonstrated variety dependent responses with respect to different N application rates. Multigreen 3 was more sensitive to N supply and showed higher amount of nitrate residue at harvest. Variety Multired 4 was less sensitive to N supply followed by Multigreen 1. Although N supply at 120 mg L^–1 improved the yield and the number of leaves in Multigreen 3, overall 90 mg L^–1 can be recommended for these lettuce varieties to improve the yield and the accumulation of ascorbic acid content, phenolic acids mainly caffeic, caftaric acids, quercetin (the important flavonoid in lettuce), and Fe and Mn contents. Furthermore, the concentration of 90 mg L^–1 improved the antioxidant property (FRAP and ABTS+) and reduced the nitrate accumulation, ensuring safe food for consumers. 

Cite this article:   

Bevly M. Mampholo, Martin M. Maboko, Puffy Soundy, Dharini Sivakumar. 2018. Variety-specific responses of lettuce grown in a gravel-film technique closed hydroponic system to N supply on yield, morphology, phytochemicals, mineral content and safety. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2447-2457.

Intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) polymorphism map: A marker for the initial classification of cultivated Lentinula edodes strains in China

IGS1多态性图谱：一种适于中国香菇栽培菌株初步分型的标记 

SONG Xiao-xia, ZHAO Yan, SONG Chun-yan, LI Chuan-hua, CHEN Ming-jie, HUANG Jian-chun, TAN Qi

本文对香菇49个核心栽培菌株的核糖体基因间隔区1（IGS1）多态性和分型进行调查，结果表明：绝大多数菌株拥有两个长度和同源性不同的IGS1序列；根据序列长度和同源性不同，49个菌株的IGS1序列被分为A和B两大类，A又包括6个分支。其中47个菌株属于A类型内6个分支的纯合或杂合类型，Cr01属于A和B杂合类型，广香9号属于纯合的B类型。根据分型情况，首次绘制了49个菌株的IGS1多态性图谱，发现该图谱可以作为一种初步分型和管理我国栽培菌种的标记。

Cite this article:   

SONG Xiao-xia, ZHAO Yan, SONG Chun-yan, LI Chuan-hua, CHEN Ming-jie, HUANG Jian-chun, TAN Qi. 2018. Intergenic spacer 1 (IGS1) polymorphism map: A marker for the initial classification of cultivated Lentinula edodes strains in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2458-2466.

Plant Protection

Editorial- Response and resistance of cereal crops to pathogens

KANG Zhen-sheng

The special topic of the two papers is the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and pathogenesis-related protein genes (PR). SAR is an enhanced resistance against further potential parasite beyond the initial infection site, which can be induced by either pathogen infection or exogenous inducer, including synthetic chemicals and natural products. As a “whole-plant” resistance defense, SAR confers broad-spectrum immunity to widely diverse pathogenic microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi for a relatively long lasting period. Convincingly, it is a promising way to prevent crop diseases by activating the plants’ own natural defenses via application of chemical inducers or creating resistant wheat cultivars. 

...

At the molecular level, the findings of the papers deepen our knowledge on the response of crop plant to pathogen invasion. More importantly, the information obtained give clues for improving plant resistance in novel ways. I genuinely believe that the findings will inspire the readers of the Journal of Integrative Agriculture for developing future research on the given topics.

Cite this article:   

KANG Zhen-sheng. 2018. Editorial- Response and resistance of cereal crops to pathogens. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2467.

Systemic acquired resistance, NPR1, and pathogenesis-related genes in wheat and barley

麦类作物系统获得抗性、NPR1与病程相关PR基因研究进展

WANG Xiao-dong, BI Wei-shuai, GAO Jing, YU Xiu-mei, WANG Hai-yan, LIU Da-qun

模式植物拟南芥中，初生病原菌侵染会诱导植物产生对次生病原菌的系统获得抗性（SAR）。植物激素水杨酸（SA）及其类似物2,6-二氯烟酸（INA）与苯并噻二唑（BTH）同样可以诱导SAR的产生。NPR1蛋白是SAR及SA信号感受与传导过程中的关键调控因子。在小麦和大麦等麦类作物中，初生病原菌侵染或BTH处理均能够诱导植株产生对白粉病、叶锈病、赤霉病等多种植物病害的广谱抗性。然而，在麦类作物中观察到的获得抗性（AR）、系统免疫（SI）及BTH诱导抗性（BIR）三种类似SAR的抗性现象，又与模式植物SAR存在明显差异，推测由不同基因通路调控。近期关于小麦、大麦NPR1同源基因在AR与SI过程中的功能研究，为深入探究麦类作物SAR的作用机制提供了重要思路。本文详细介绍了麦类作物中AR、SI和BIR三种抗性现象的特征，并与模式植物拟南芥和水稻中的SAR进行了比较，系统总结了麦类作物中病程相关PR基因与BTH诱导基因等SAR下游基因的研究进展。

Cite this article:   

WANG Xiao-dong, BI Wei-shuai, GAO Jing, YU Xiu-mei, WANG Hai-yan, LIU Da-qun. 2018. Systemic acquired resistance, NPR1, and pathogenesis-related genes in wheat and barley. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2468-2476.

Pathogenesis-related protein genes involved in race-specific allstage resistance and non-race specific high-temperature adult-plant resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in wheat

Sumaira Farrakh, Meinan Wang, Xianming Chen

The objective of this study was to analyze the expression of PR protein genes involved in different types of wheat resistance to stripe rust. The expression levels of 8 PR protein genes (PR1, PR1.2, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, PR9 and PR10) were quantitatively evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 7 and 14 days after inoculation in single resistance gene lines of wheat with all-stage resistance genes YrTr1, Yr76, YrSP and YrExp2 and lines carrying HTAP resistance genes Yr52, Yr59, Yr62 and Yr7B. Races PSTv-4 and PSTv-37 for compatible and incompatible interactions were used in evaluation of PR protein gene expression in wheat lines carrying all-stage resistance genes in the seedling-stage experiment while PSTv-37 was used in the HTAP experiment. Analysis of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that all of the PR protein genes were involved in the different types of resistance controlled by different Yr genes. However, these genes were upregulated at different time points and at different levels during the infection process among the wheat lines with different Yr genes for either all-stage resistance or HTAP resistance. Some of the genes were also induced in compatible interactions, but the levels were almost always higher in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible interaction at the same time point for each Yr gene. These results indicate that both salicylic acid and jasmonate signaling pathways are involved in both race-specific all-stage resistance and non-race specific HTAP resistance. Although expressing at different stages of infection and at different levels, these PR protein genes work in concert for contribution to different types of resistance controlled by different Yr genes. 

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Sumaira Farrakh, Meinan Wang, Xianming Chen. 2018. Pathogenesis-related protein genes involved in race-specific allstage resistance and non-race specific high-temperature adult-plant resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2478-2491.

Two mutations in the truncated Rep gene RBR domain delayed the Wheat dwarf virus infection in transgenic barley plants

Pavel Cejnar, Ludmila Ohnoutková, Jan Ripl, Tomáš Vlčko, Jiban Kumar Kundu

Wheat dwarf virus (WDV), an important cereal pathogen, is closely related to Maize streak virus (MSV), a model virus of the Mastrevirus genus. Based on its similarity to known MSV resistance strategies, a truncated part of the WDV replication-associated (RepA) gene (WDVRepA215) and the WDV RepA gene with a mutated retinoblastoma-related protein (RBR) interaction domain (WDVRepA215RBR^mut) were cloned into the pIPKb002 expression vector and transformed into immature embryos of spring barley cv. Golden Promise plants through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A detailed study of T₁-generation plants infected by leafhoppers (Psammotettix alienus) fed on infection sources of variable strength was performed over a 5-week period encompassing the initial stages of virus infection. A DNA WDV TaqMan qPCR assay normalized using the DNA puroindoline-b SYBR Green qPCR assay for samples on a per week basis revealed an approximately 2-week delay in WDVRepA215RBR^mut plants to WDVRepA215 plants before significant increases in the WDV viral levels occurred. Both WDVRepA215 and WDVRepA215RBR^mut plants showed similar levels of transgenic transcripts over the screened period; however, the transgenic plants also showed increased numbers of infected plants compared to the control plants.

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Pavel Cejnar, Ludmila Ohnoutková, Jan Ripl, Tomáš Vlčko, Jiban Kumar Kundu. 2018. Two mutations in the truncated Rep gene RBR domain delayed the Wheat dwarf virusinfection in transgenic barley plants. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2492-2500.

Distribution pattern and titer of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus)

柑橘黄龙病菌在寄主植物长春花体内的分布和浓度变化

LI Ya, XU Mei-rong, DAI Ze-han, DENG Xiao-ling

为了研究黄龙病菌在长春花各组织中的分布，本研究将取自染病长春花的病芽，按照去顶的方式对健康长春花进行病芽嫁接，观察病原菌在长春花染病不同时间，不同组织内的病原浓度变化和转移方式。研究发现以常规PCR的方法可以在长春花的叶，主茎和根中检测到黄龙病菌，并且三个组织中黄龙病菌的浓度与时间有密切关系，染病初期菌浓度先升高随后开始下降，叶，主茎和根分别在嫁接后25, 35和35天菌浓度最高。相同时间点，叶片中的菌浓度远高于主茎和根中的菌浓度。 比较黄龙病菌在染病长春花不同组织中浓度发现，在叶、主茎和根中其分布是不均匀，与柑橘中的研究结果相似。本研究结果可以为长春花中黄龙病菌的早期检测中，采样部位和时间提供指导。

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LI Ya, XU Mei-rong, DAI Ze-han, DENG Xiao-ling. 2018. Distribution pattern and titer of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus). Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2501-2508.

Species diversity of thrips (Thysanoptera) in selected avocado orchards from Mexico based on morphology and molecular data

Daniel Bravo-Pérez, Ma. Teresa Santillán-Galicia, Roberto M. Johansen-Naime, Héctor González- Hernández, Obdulia L. Segura-León, Daniel L. Ochoa-Martínez, Stephanie Guzman-Valencia

Avocado is one of the most important crops in the world, and Mexico is the largest producer of this fruit. Several insect pests affect its production, and thrips are amongst the most important. A key step in the design of control methods is accurate species identification. Despite this, formal reports on species diversity of thrips in Mexico are very scarce. Morphological identification can sometimes be time-consuming and inconclusive. Therefore, we explored the species diversity of thrips in Mexican avocado orchards (Michoacan state) based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Forty-four specimens were analysed, which represented approximately 8% of all individuals collected from five localities distributed in three Municipalities. All specimens were analysed using the COI marker, and specimens within the genera Frankliniella were also analysed using a marker within the D2 domain of the 28S (28SD2) nuclear ribosomal DNA. Molecular identifications were confirmed using morphological taxonomy. Overall, six genera were found (Neohydatothrips, Scirtothrips, Frankliniella, Arorathrips, Caliothrips and Leptothrips). All genera contained only one species, except Frankliniella, for which there were six species. Data from the two molecular markers suggest the existence of cryptic species within Mexican F. occidentalis populations.

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Daniel Bravo-Pérez, Ma. Teresa Santillán-Galicia, Roberto M. Johansen-Naime, Héctor González- Hernández, Obdulia L. Segura-León, Daniel L. Ochoa-Martínez, Stephanie Guzman-Valencia. 2018. Species diversity of thrips (Thysanoptera) in selected avocado orchards from Mexico based on morphology and molecular data. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2509-2517.

Transcriptome approach to understand the potential mechanisms of resistant and susceptible alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars in response to aphid feeding

转录组学方法分析蚜虫为害后不同苜蓿品种抗虫机制研究

TU Xiong-bing, ZHAO Hai-long, ZHANG Ze-hua

作物抗虫育种是农业害虫综合治理的重要组成部分，然而其分子遗传机制尚未明确。本文选取了苜蓿抗蚜品种（中苜1号）和感蚜品种（Soca），接蚜虫为处理、不接蚜虫为对照，进行转录组测序。结果表明：上述4个样品中共有3549个注释的差异表达基因。其中，感蚜品种中有1738个基因上调，1307个基因下调；抗蚜品种中有543个基因上调，331个基因下调。KEGG分析将抗虫品种中的112个重要差异表达基因富集到8条代谢通路，感虫品种中的546个重要差异基因富集到17条代谢通路上。在上述两个苜蓿品种中，共有6条相同的代谢通路与植物抗性有关，其中最主要的有两条：一条是类苯基丙烷的生物合成（涉及水杨酸的合成），另一条是亚油酸的代谢（涉及茉莉酸和类黄酮的合成）。基于此和前人相关研究，我们初步明确了蚜虫为害后苜蓿品种的抗虫机制。

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TU Xiong-bing, ZHAO Hai-long, ZHANG Ze-hua. 2018. Transcriptome approach to understand the potential mechanisms of resistant and susceptible alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars in response to aphid feeding. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2518-2527.

Animal Science • Veterinary Medicine

Genome-wide detection of selective signatures in a Duroc pig population

杜洛克猪群体全基因组选择信号检测

DIAO Shu-qi, LUO Yuan-yu, MA Yun-long, DENG Xi, HE Ying-ting, GAO Ning, ZHANG Hao, LI Jia-qi, CHEN Zan-mou, ZHANG Zhe

本研究使用猪SNP 60K芯片和GeneSeek GGP Porcine HD芯片对杜洛克群体)N=715)进行基因分型，随后利用相对扩展单倍型纯合度(REHH)方法，对杜洛克群体根据家系平衡原则筛选出的亚群(N=368)进行全基因组选择信号检测。结果显示，共154个显著(P<0.01)的核心区域被检测为选择信号。其中，一些显著的核心区域与影响某些重要经济性状（如：平均日增重，背膘厚等）的QTL重叠。通过对这些显著的核心区域进行基因组注释，发现了一系列候选基因，如：GATA3, TAF3, ATP5C1, FGF1D等。这些候选基因与前/后模式规范、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶信号传导、胚胎骨骼系统形态发生和氧化-还原过程有关。本研究可为杜洛克猪或其他猪种的选择机制和育种实践研究提供一定的信息。

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DIAO Shu-qi, LUO Yuan-yu, MA Yun-long, DENG Xi, HE Ying-ting, GAO Ning, ZHANG Hao, LI Jia-qi, CHEN Zan-mou, ZHANG Zhe. 2018. Genome-wide detection of selective signatures in a Duroc pig population. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2528-2535.

Mycoplasma leachii causes polyarthritis in calves via the blood route but is not associated with pneumonia

Leachii支原体通过血液途径传播引起犊牛多发性关节炎而不引起肺炎

CHANG Ji-tao, WANG Guan-bo, ZHANG Yue, WANG Fang, JIANG Zhi-gang, YU Li

Leachii支原体最初在澳大利亚昆士兰患关节炎犊牛体内分离获得，并且通过实验证实leachii支原体可以引起临床型犊牛多发性关节炎。但是，leachii支原体感染犊牛的来源及其传播途径尚不清楚。本研究采用一月龄犊牛作为试验动物，将leachii支原体体外培养物和感染犊牛的关节液分别通过关节内、静脉、气管内、滴鼻以及口服的途径接种犊牛。通过临床评估、病原学检查、病理学以及免疫组化等方法评价不同途径接种的犊牛的发病情况，进而评价leachii支原体对犊牛的致病性，并阐明leachii支原体感染犊牛的传播途径。结果显示，所有通过关节内接种leachii支原体体外培养株GN407和感染犊牛关节液的犊牛，以及静脉接种感染犊牛关节液的2/3犊牛发生了严重的多发性关节炎，并且也通过免疫组化和PCR方法在这些发病犊牛的关节中检测到了leachii支原体。而通过气管内、滴鼻以及口服途径接种的其他所有犊牛均未发生任何leachii支原体感染症状，包括临床评估、病原学、病理学以及免疫组化等方法均未发现这些犊牛受到leachii支原体的感染。这些结果表明leachii支原体引起犊牛多发性关节炎是通过血液传播，而消化道和呼吸道等水平途径不能传播本病。此外，通过免疫组化和PCR方法均未在接种犊牛的肺组织中检测到leachii支原体，哪怕是通过气管内接种的犊牛肺组织中也未检测到，结果表明leachii支原体与犊牛肺炎无关。这些研究结果为leachii支原体引起的犊牛多发性关节炎的防控研究提供重要信息。

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CHANG Ji-tao, WANG Guan-bo, ZHANG Yue, WANG Fang, JIANG Zhi-gang, YU Li. 2018. Mycoplasma leachii causes polyarthritis in calves via the blood route but is not associated with pneumonia. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2536-2545.

Agro-Ecosystem & Environment

Inter-annual changes in the aggregate-size distribution and associated carbon of soil and their effects on the straw-derived carbon incorporation under long-term no-tillage

长期免耕下团聚体及其有机碳分布的年际变化及其对秸秆碳固定的影响

YIN Tao, ZHAO Cai-xia, YAN Chang-rong, DU Zhang-liu, HE Wen-qing

长期免耕将会影响土壤团聚体粒级的分布，从而影响土壤有机碳的固定。目前，关于土壤团聚体周转和秸秆碳在土壤团聚体组分中分布的机理仍不清楚。在田间尺度上，该研究依托我国北方半干旱地区长期保护性耕作定位试验，研究了免耕秸秆覆盖(NT)和常规耕作(CT)措施的土壤团聚体粒径分布和土壤团聚体有机碳的年际变化。采用湿筛法将不同年份(2008,2010和2015年)表层土壤(0–10cm)的团聚体分成4个粒级(>2,0.25–2,0.053–0.25,和<0.053 mm)进行研究。结果表明，相比于CT，长期连续的NT增加了大团聚体组分(>2和0.25–2 mm)的比例和大团聚体(>2和0.25–2 mm)中有机碳的浓度。同时，在室内条件下采用13C标记秸秆培养的方法，比较了长期NT和CT形成的土壤对秸秆碳在团聚体中分布的影响。结果表明，无论是在NT还是CT土壤中，13C秸秆碳在>2 mm团聚体中的含量都是最高的，而且CT土壤中的13C秸秆碳含量要高于NT土壤。虽然秸秆碳更容易进入初始碳含量更低的CT土壤的>2 mm团聚体中，但长期的CT导致>2 mm团聚体的比例下降，最终导致了CT土壤有机碳含量的降低。因此NT能通过增加大团聚体比例和大团聚体中有机碳浓度的物理保护方式增加土壤碳的含量，有利于我国北方半干旱玉米农田系统土壤碳固定。

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YIN Tao, ZHAO Cai-xia, YAN Chang-rong, DU Zhang-liu, HE Wen-qing. 2018. Inter-annual changes in the aggregate-size distribution and associated carbon of soil and their effects on the straw-derived carbon incorporation under long-term no-tillage. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2546-2557.

Alternate row mulching optimizes soil temperature and water conditions and improves wheat yield in dryland farming

隔行交替覆盖对旱地小麦土壤温度、水分条件及产量的影响

YAN Qiu-yan, DONG Fei, LOU Ge, YANG Feng, LU Jin-xiu, LI Feng, ZHANG Jian-cheng, LI Jun-hui, DUAN Zeng-qiang

秸秆覆盖对旱地小麦起到蓄水保墒的作用。通过两年田间试验，以不覆盖为对照，研究了2种覆盖模式（FM，每行覆盖和HM，隔行交替覆盖）和2个覆盖量（4.5和 9.0 t hm^–2）对冬小麦田土壤湿度、土壤温度、籽粒产量和水分利用率的影响，以期寻找适宜华北地区旱地小麦生长的秸秆覆盖模式。结果表明，9.0 t hm^–2秸秆覆盖量有效增加冬小麦各生育期土壤贮水量，尤其在生长后期作用更明显。冬小麦生长后期，隔行覆盖模式下土壤贮水量高于每行覆盖。隔行覆盖处理的土壤水分含量较每行覆盖高，这种差异主要表现在0-20cm土层。覆盖减少土壤蒸发量，且覆盖量越高，土壤水分蒸发量越小。同覆盖量下，冬小麦各生育期地上部生物量在隔行覆盖模式下高于不覆盖和每行覆盖。隔行覆盖较每行覆盖模式有效提高小麦产量。覆盖增加小麦水分利用率，在9.0 t hm^–2覆盖量下较高。同覆盖量下，隔行覆盖模式的土壤增温效应较每行覆盖持续时间长。覆盖增加土壤积温，且土壤经历零下温度的时间在每行覆盖和隔行覆盖模式下分别缩短9–12天和10–20天。因此，覆盖量为9.0 t hm^–2的隔行覆盖模式更能提供适宜的土壤温度和水分条件，有效提高华北地区旱地小麦产量和水分利用率。

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YAN Qiu-yan, DONG Fei, LOU Ge, YANG Feng, LU Jin-xiu, LI Feng, ZHANG Jian-cheng, LI Jun-hui, DUAN Zeng-qiang. 2018. Alternate row mulching optimizes soil temperature and water conditions and improves wheat yield in dryland farming. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2558-2569.

Effect of long-term continuous cropping of strawberry on soil bacterial community structure and diversity

草莓连作对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

LI Wei-hua, LIU Qi-zhi, CHEN Peng

本文主要对比了草莓的连作土壤(CC)、连作根际土壤(CCR)、非连作土壤(NCC)和非连作根际土壤(NCCR)的理化性质、酶活性和细菌群落结构的不同。结果表明: 土壤理化性质和酶活性在连作后显著下降；另外，土壤中11个优势属趋向于5种变化趋势：Sphingomonas的相对丰度在4个处理中无显著性变化；Novosphingobium, Rhodoplanes, Povalibacter, Cellvibrio和Stenotrophobacter的相对丰度在连作后显著减少；Pelagibius, Thioprofundum和Allokutzneria的相对丰度只在连作土壤中增加；Nitrospira在根际土壤中的相对丰度显著高于非根际土壤；Bacillus的丰度在连作后显著增加。冗余分析结果显示，Bacillus, Pelagibius和Allokutzneria与土壤理化性质及酶活性有显著负相关。因此，这三个属的细菌类群可能是影响重茬土壤理化性质和酶活性变化的关键菌。这些结果表明，草莓长期连作后会导致根际土壤性状的恶化。导致这一现象的原因可能是细菌群落在连草莓连作后的应激反应。在未来的研究工作中将会进一步的分析土壤细菌群落多样性的变化是如何降低土壤性状的。

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LI Wei-hua, LIU Qi-zhi, CHEN Peng. 2018. Effect of long-term continuous cropping of strawberry on soil bacterial community structure and diversity. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2570-2582.

Sustainability assessment of potato fields using the DEXi decision support system in Hamadan Province, Iran

Mohammed Ebrahim Rezaei, Morteza Barmaki, Hadi Veisi

This study aimed to explore the sustainability levels of potato cropping systems in Hamadan Province, Iran. To this end, DEXi methodology was developed for the sustainability assessment of the cropping systems. For assessing the three dimensions of environmental, economic, and social sustainability in the four systems of traditional potato system (TPS), Quasi-industrial potato system (QIPS), industrial potato system (IPS), and government-promoted potato system (GPPS), five groups of features were utilized: (1) irrigation method; (2) seed placement; (3) farm machinery use; (4) agrochemical use; and (5) rotation. The impact assessments of the cropping systems were based on two, three, and two groups of ecological, social, and economic indicators, respectively. Employment, supply chain, protection, operational difficulty, productivity, profitability, input use, and biodiversity resulted in 21 basic indicators and 13 aggregated indicators, by which the cropping systems were described. The results revealed that GPPS with distinctive economic and social profiles could have a better overall sustainability despite the fact that some indicators like biodiversity could be negatively affected. Finally, three strategies were recommended for the sustainability of GPPS as follows: biodiversity enhancement, input substitution, and integrated water management.

Cite this article:   

Mohammed Ebrahim Rezaei, Morteza Barmaki, Hadi Veisi. 2018. Sustainability assessment of potato fields using the DEXi decision support system in Hamadan Province, Iran. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2583-2595.

Short Communication

First report of Athelia bombacina causing postharvest fruit rot on pear

Athelia bombacina引起梨贮藏期新病害

JIA Xiao-hui, FU Jun-fan, WANG Wen-hui, CUI Jian-chao, DU Yan-min, ZHOU Ru-jun, SUN Ping-ping

梨是世界上主要果树之一，近年来，在河北肃宁、深州、辛集等地贮藏期的梨果中发现一种新病害，该未知病害发生率高达10%，有的甚至达到20%，给梨贮藏企业造成较严重的经济损失。病果经组织分离后，进行了病原菌形态学、分子生物学鉴定以及科赫氏法则验证，确定了引起梨贮藏期新发生病害的病原菌为Athelia bombacina。根据我们的知识，由A. bombacina引起的梨贮藏期病害为世界首次报道。

Cite this article:   

JIA Xiao-hui, FU Jun-fan, WANG Wen-hui, CUI Jian-chao, DU Yan-min, ZHOU Ru-jun, SUN Pingping. 2018. First report of Athelia bombacina causing postharvest fruit rot on pear. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(11): 2596-2599.